Are our lives determined, or can we escape fate by making active choices at any given moment? In a deterministic view, the feeling of free choice that we experience is only an illusion, and our behaviour is always determined by factors we have little control over, like our physiology and the environment.
In a free will view, we are self-determined; we can make choices that are independent of those factors. We have control and responsibility for what we decide to do. We will explore the free will and determinism debate as well as the potential role of our identity in determining our behaviour
- First, we will establish what we mean by identity and free will.
- Then we will cover the various aspects of identity and free will, including moral identity and free will and personal identity and free will.
- Following this, we will delve into the identity and free will determinism debate, before concluding with identity and free will difference.
A man portrayed as a puppet, flaticon.com
What is the free will and determinism debate?
The free will vs determinism debate is concerned with the extent to which people have control over their actions versus the extent to which their actions are determined by factors outside of their own control.
Free will and determinism in psychology
Different theorists in psychology have proposed different ideas about the extent to which our behaviour is determined.
Behaviourists like Skinner argue that behaviour is simply the outcome of the environment; humans behave the way they were conditioned to during upbringing. Behaviourism holds a deterministic view of human behaviour.
Bandura proposed a reciprocal determinism approach to behaviour. Reciprocal determinism argues that humans are active instead of passive agents that interact mutually with the environment and can, directly and indirectly, control their own behaviour.
Bandura proposed the concept of self-efficacy, the belief that we can control both our actions and our environment. One's self-efficacy is thought to predict success.
Bandura's reciprocal determinism, Vaia Originals, Alicja Blaszkiewicz
Humanistic approach
The humanistic approach in psychology argues that free will is not only possible, but it is inherently what makes us human. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, self-actualisation is the highest level of psychological development that goes beyond fulfilling basic needs. Self-actualisation is driven by our self-determined motivation; at this level, we can overcome past influences through our personal agency.
Self-actualisation refers to realising one's full potential and capabilities.
According to Karl Rogers, self-actualisation occurs when our self-image becomes congruent with how we see our ideal self. To put it simply, we become who we want to be. Rogers deemed self-actualisation to be the "healing force" in psychotherapy that empowers people to develop and overcome psychological difficulties.
Free will according to (Baumeister, 2008)
According to Baumeister (2008), we regard actions as free when:
They require conscious deliberation
They go against external pressures
They go against our own short-term self-interest
Baumeister defined free action as conscious, requiring rational choice and self-regulation.
As Baumeister (2008) suggests, free will impacts both social and moral judgements, although studying free will can be complex. The nuances of human behaviour affect the scientific study of decision making to some extent. However, as decision making is "biologically taxing", it is important that humans ensure they are making decisions and acting on free will efficiently.
Baumeister proposed our ability to make free actions evolved to allow us to live in social groups, which requires restraint of our own impulses and adjusting our behaviour to fit the social norms of the group. Free action allows us to act prosocially and sustain harmonious cultures.
Implications of the belief in free will (Baumeister, 2008)
If we believe we are responsible for our actions, we must accept their moral and often legal consequences. If human behaviour is predetermined, we can't hold people accountable for their crimes or harmful behaviour. Moreover, deterministic beliefs decrease people's sense of personal responsibility, so they can be considered to be socially harmful.
People primed with deterministic beliefs are more likely to act immorally, be aggressive and exert less effort when making moral decisions (Baumeister et al. 2006).
Baumeister et al. (2006) also argued that self-regulation could be exercised like a muscle, and it depletes our resources similar to a muscle. Through exercising the self-regulation muscle in regards to choices we make, we will suffer less ego depletion.
People that believe they have free will are more likely to make an effort, exert self-control and act morally when, for example, given an opportunity to cheat, likely due to a greater feeling of responsibility for their actions (Kathleen, 2008).
What is identity?
In psychology, we define identity as a continuous self-image that includes one's body image, values, goals, memories, psychological traits as well as social roles. Identity can therefore influence behaviour. Even though our characteristics and social roles can change, our sense of identity remains stable - we maintain a sense of being the same person across our lifespan.
Identity is who we see ourselves as, freepik.com
Erikson's (1959) Eight stages of development
Erik Erikson, a psychoanalytic theorist that was influenced by the earlier work of Sigmund Freud, proposed a theory of psychosocial development that consisted of eight stages. Erikson's theory focuses on social influences; he also believed that humans are rational and can actively overcome crises and challenges.
Each of Erikson's stages of psychosexual development indicates a conflict characteristic for a particular developmental period. Similar to Freud's theory, Erikson believed that failure to pass through a stage can cause psychological issues for the person.
- Trust vs mistrust - at this stage, infants develop an ability to trust adults. They learnt to trust that the caregiver will respond to their needs.
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt - children start gaining a sense of autonomy and control over their environment and bodily functions (e.g. through potty training).
- Initiative vs guilt - children initiate social interactions and activities to gain further control over their environment.
- Industry vs inferiority - children begin to develop a sense of competence and achievement, for example, through progressing in education.
- Identity vs role confusion - adolescents develop a stable sense of identity and their place in society.
- Intimacy vs isolation - young adults begin to form secure and intimate relationships, exploring sexuality.
- Generativity vs stagnation - adults create a sense of legacy for themselves, this can be in the form of contributing to social change, starting a family or professional accomplishments.
- Ego integrity vs despair - older adults reflect on whether they feel regret or feel satisfied with the life they lived.
The outcome of each stage is theorised to have long-term implications for one's psychological development.
For example, if the infant cannot trust the caregiver due to neglect or abuse, this may affect the child's later ability to form relationships and trust others.
Identity development
Erikson's theory largely contributed to our understanding of identity development. According to Erikson, identity development occurs in adolescents during the identity vs. role confusion developmental stage.
At that time we identify who we are, and we might try different roles to finally settle on a career, religious identity, moral identity and sexuality. This is a critical time for developing one's sense of future direction and place in society.
Identity and the free will vs. determinism debate
- Jia and Krettenauer (2017) argue that moral identity is culture-dependent. In individualistic cultures, acting morally implies behaving according to own individual moral values, while in collectivist cultures, acting morally means behaving in line with the collective moral values and social norms.
Identity and free will difference
Identity refers to our self-image, a stable sense of self that includes our physical and psychological characteristics and social roles. Identity can, to some extent, predict behaviour.
Free will is the ability to make conscious, rational choices, often against external or internal pressures. Free will implies that if we want, we are free to make choices against the pressures of our identity or despite social influences.
Identity theory and free will
Identity theory is a philosophical theory that reduces mental states to simply brain states. Identity theory is an example of reductionism. In the view of this theory, we only have as much free will as we have control over our brain states.
Identity and free will - Key takeaways
- Determinism posits that all our behaviour is determined by factors outside of our control, while the idea of free will is that we can make free conscious choices about how to act without being constrained by influences that are outside of our control.
- In psychology, Behaviourism argues that human behaviour is fully deterministic. Bandura proposed reciprocal determinism, which argues that humans interact mutually with the environment and can exert control over their own behaviour. Humanistic approaches posit that self-determined motivation is crucial for achieving self-actualisation, the highest level of psychological development.
- Baumeister highlights the implications of believing in one's own free will. Lack of this belief can decrease people's motivation for self-regulation and prosocial behaviour.
- Identity refers to our self-image, a stable sense of self that includes our physical and psychological characteristics as well as social roles. Adolescence is considered to be a crucial developmental stage for identity development.
- Erikson established eight stages of identity development, building on Freud's Psychodynamic Approach. Each stage, similar to Freud, requires acknowledgement, and failure to progress through the stages results in psychological issues.
- Moral identity and culture can partially predict moral behaviour. However, moral behaviour is not fully accounted for by these factors.
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